A Brief Note On The Sustainable Agriculture Network

Network San sustainable agriculture network Sustainable agriculture network: sustainable agriculture network is an association of NGOs that started its activities in 1997, and was legally established with headquarters in Mexico in January 2010. The SAN is a group of non-profit organisations working for the conservation of bio diversity and rural development. SAN’s Mission: To be a global network transforming agriculture into a sustainable activity. SAN’s Vision A world when agriculture to the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable livelihoods. Need of network: every firm needs network to pursue its interest. Interest may vary from learning more about partner, to keep eye on the market spread in other competitor sphere, for acquiring the expertise of partner firm, to cope up with rapid changing behaviour of global market. No firms wants to remain to itself and turn blind to global developments in respective sector. So in order to cope up with such issues a firm needs network resource. Network resource: network resource are the resources available to firm by the virtue of being part of a network, it doesn’t reside within the firm but emerges out of inter firm relation in the network. This resource can be much valuable to a firm in shaping their strategies and can open up a set of opportunities. Network resources are distinct from external capabilities of a firm. A firm’s network resources result from the informational advantages they can obtain from participation inShow MoreRelatedIntroduction Of Finolex Cables Limited1574 Words   |  7 Pagesestablished. The company was primarily established to manufacture Rigid PVC Pipes and Fittings at Pune, which were majorly used in the agriculture sector. The early nineties saw the Finolex Group expanding into new business domains to manufacture Optic Fibre Cables and Copper Rods. CURRENT STRUCTURE There are 4 group companies in the current structure. 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The paper will thenRead MoreGood Csr - Bad Csr in Telecommunications Industry4557 Words   |  19 Pages......................................................... 4 Indirect effects .................................................................................................................................................. 4 3. 4. 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Since oil resources were controlled mainly by the government, military leadership would often use them to aid in bids for succession of power or to service large scale networks of corruption (Nwankwo). All throughout this time, multinational oil companies maintained ties with the government, the most notable, influential, and somewhat infamous of these being the Royal Dutch Company, also known as Shell Oil, which was accusedRead MoreChina in Africa Essay20116 Words   |  81 PagesAfrica Institute numBer 3 novemBer 2007 from the contents china and Africa Fantu Cheru theme: AfricAn Agriculture Agriculture and the World Bank Atakilte Beyene Property rights Kjell Havnevik Tor A. Benjaminsen Espen Sjaastad inequality and climate change contents to our reAders AfricAn Agriculture 1 3 november 2007 Carin Norberg African agriculture and the World Bank: development or impoverishment? 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Comparison of Dido and Medea Essay - 609 Words

The Roles of Dido and Medea; A Comparison of Cultures Women in the ancient world did not have the rights or status as we do today. They were looked upon as possessions or property. For a woman to be strong or be allowed to hold a position of power was something that was unheard of. Medea and Dido were two very strong and powerful women, however each lived in slightly different cultures. Their choices in how they chose to wield their power gives us a small insight on the differences in cultural lifestyles between the two women and the worlds they lived in. Medea was not the typical woman that we would see in Greek society. She was a master of the art of manipulation, shrewd, and possessed a bit of masculinity in her†¦show more content†¦Many of these rulers wished to marry Dido, however she chose to remain loyal to her late husband’s memory and refused to remarry. This gave her a good reputation among the other leaders as well as her people. When she chose to pursue a relationship with Aeneas, she lost her stature. The other leaders were angry that she chose Aeneas over them. Her people were angry that she would engage in such an inappropriate act. She gave up everything for Aeneas, who in the end chose to leave her behind. Overcome with emotion, Dido committed suicide. She shows weakness in this decision. She fell into the typical stereotypical view of a Roman woman, weak and unable to make decisions. Both characters stood out from their typical social stereotypes. Medea was strong, which was not common for the standard Greek woman. Dido started out as a great Queen, a rarity in Roman culture. Both women made decisions that ultimately affected how they were viewed. In my opinion Dido was the weaker of the two women. She chose to end her life instead of trying to regain what she had lost. Medea was determined not to lose who she was even though she had been horribly wronged. The two characters were created to be standout in both Greek and Roman

A Lecture On Teachers Are Paid By Public Schools, And...

On April 28 of 2016, English professor at Diablo Valley, College Laury Fischer gave a lecture called â€Å"Whiteboard Jungle: Teacher in the Movies, TV, and other Places We’ve Never Seen.† Mr. Fischer, a professor himself, acted as an advocate for real teaching. He wanted to persuade the audience on how Hollywood’s portrayal of a teacher has shaped the teaching profession. Also, compared it with his experience as a teacher for 42 years and experiences from his colleagues, emphasizing on how important is for teachers to leave a long lasting impression on their students. All the way through the lecture, Mr. Fischer argued that the movies represent a different environment, where sometimes teachers have to â€Å"civilize† students, and that in reality there is more thinking involved in the teaching process. Also challenges the idea that on films, teachers have to be either incompetent or inspiring, in the real world, â€Å"teachers are paid by the public to do public good†. Nowadays education has become more competitive, and we discourage people from going into teaching, movies give us reasons to get dispirited and sort of conspire to keep students to become teachers. As a consequence, we are facing a shortage of teachers in the United States. Solutions to address this problem had been unsuccessful like programs that focus on training teachers like Teach For America which have not work. Mr. Fischer exposed that none of the actual presidential candidates had a proposal that will demand theShow MoreRelatedMadison Metropolitan School Dist rict18559 Words   |  75 PagesMadison Metropolitan School District Action research is the process through which teachers collaborate in evaluating their practice jointly; raise awareness of their personal theory; articulate a shared conception of values; try out new strategies to render the values expressed in their practice more consistent with the educational values they espouse; record their work in a form which is readily available to and understandable by other teachers; and thus develop a shared theory of teaching byRead MoreCorporate Structure of Yamaha23785 Words   |  96 Pagesfor Business Partners Fair Evaluation and Selection in Partner Relationships Survey of CSR Measures of Business Partners Contributing to Society Through Sound and Music Support for Aspiring Young Musicians Hamamatsu Jazz Week Reaching Out to Schools with Lessons on the Science of Sound Environmental Management Environmental Management Promotion Structure Material Balance Goals and Achievements Environmental Accounting Management of Chemical Substances Management of Chemical SubstancesRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesmay not be suitable for your situation. 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What Is Organizational Ethics - 847 Words

What is Organizational Ethics? According to managementstudyguide.com, organizational ethics is the way an organization should respond to the external environment. Organization ethics includes various guidelines and principles which decide the way individuals should behave at the workplace. It also refers to the code of conduct of the individuals working in a particular organization. Organizational ethics covers a wide range of topics including finance, legal compliance, safety, discrimination, employee exploitation, and honesty. In today’s society, a negative ethical scandal could saturate the media within a matter of seconds and prove to be detrimental to the future of that company. According to Meinert, the rapid rise of social media also is pressuring organizations to be more transparent—or risk exposure of unethical practices. What can be done to prevent an Ethical Breach within an Organization? HR professionals should develop and implement policies that specifically address ethical breaches and include consequences for deviating from the policy. Zenger suggests a company can instill mechanisms to protect the anonymity of underlings who report any ethical breaches they see. Most of the ethical breaches that are mentioned in the news involve company executives with a lot of power and authority. Subordinate and front-line employees may fear retaliation if they report any wrong-doing by people they perceive have the influence to fire them. With informationShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics And Organizational Communications1448 Words   |  6 Pages The study of Ethics and organizational communications has been an ongoing subject. It has been introduced as a way to be a more effective communicator, especially pertaining to an organization. It is a practical way to improve morale between an employer to his employee as well as a client to an organization. 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In order to be prepared for the ethical issues that will arise and to create an organizational competitive advantage, an intentional focus and effective communication of the cod e of ethics must be incorporated as a part of strategic planning. Sherwin (1983) indicates the that the term ethics, â€Å"refers to a set of moral norms, principles or values that guide people’s behavior† (cited in Brunk, 2012, p. 552). The importance of ethical awarenessRead MoreHow Personal Ethics Can Get1277 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"How Personal Can Ethics Get?† Discuss how personal differences and preference can impact organizational ethics. Personal difference and preference can impact organizational ethics is such a way where people can end up getting hurt. Personal difference and preference is one’s own way of how they think or how they feel about someone or something. 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Effectual leadership produces organizational members working harmonious to achieve goals. A leader is specifically a person, whereas, leadership is a process by which a person influences others to achieve a common goal.

Types of Drivers Free Essays

What kind of a driver are you? Are you the one to piss people off or the one to scare them and make them wonder if they will live or that safe driver that everyone wants to be? Driving is the best transportation to getting to places whenever you want. Having your license is a privilege . Not everyone has it. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Drivers or any similar topic only for you Order Now So be careful and take care of it and don’t go all crazy on the road because it can cause your death and others as well. There are three types of driver that you mostly see everyday or hear about. Drunk drivers have become the most dangerous drivers out on the road cause you never know till they strike someone or you on the road. These drivers come out mostly out on the weekends after a long night of clubbing; they are so drunk that they have convinced themselves that they are sober enough to operate a car. I mean come on like seriously do they not have just one friend to stay sober and be the designated driver to get home safe instead of endangering us all. If you see a car that keeps swerving lane to lane that can’t keep straight your best choice is to stay away as possible. Hopefully they’ll get caught get that DUI and maybe that’ll teach them a good lesson. The slow pokes out on the road can piss you off when you are trying to get somewhere on time. These people are scared of even passing the speed limit thinking maybe a cop might poof pop out of the air and catch them. The old folks are even worse they seriously go under the speed limit like if you can’t see or are too old to be driving to even know what is going on just stop driving it’ll save us a lot of extra time. Seriously the back roads are for me to go fast and just beat traffic but when you are driving slow then what was the point of even taking the back road you should of stayed in traffic you fools. Despite what people say fast drivers are the save drivers. Why? Must you ask? Well, we tend to drive 5 mph over the speed limit, which is acceptable, and don’t have anyone driving close to us. Fast drivers keep their eye on the road for that reason they are alert to what is going on in front of them and will generally slow down before its too late. The true safe drivers are the ones that know how to drive not just operate the car. Fast drivers only create a problem when they become truly aggressive and tailgate, passing others really close to them and cutting off without a warning. Driving is so much fun. By the way guys, the ladies find a man attractive if he has his license. She wouldn’t want to be using the train or bus for the rest of her life. Don’t expect the roads to be a racetrack because you will be endangering lots of people’s life so don’t be an idiot. Have fun out there and focus on the road don’t text and drive as well don’t drink and drive. How to cite Types of Drivers, Papers

Leadership in Business Influences the Behaviors

Question: Discuss about the Leadership in Business for Influences the Behaviors. Answer: Introduction Leadership is a process by which one person influences the behaviors, attitude and thoughts of other people towards attainment of common aim and objectives. Leadership is only possible when it inspires someone. The effectives of a good leadership are totally dependent on the leadership ideas that can only be communicated to other in a manner to engage them and make them followers. The concept of leadership is essential in every organizational management. The following assignment includes the discussion about leadership in MYER store in Melbourne, Australia. This assignment describes the various styles of leaderships and its effect on a selected organization namely MYER. The behaviors of leadership, traits of leadership, basic power of leadership, differential leads are also assess according to the current environment of MYER. Overview of the Company Background of the Company The MYER store is situated in Melbourne (Australia) is a largest Australian retail store chain group which consists of more than thousand of products in the field of cosmetics, clothing accessories, and footwear, stationery and travel goods (Myer 2016). This department also includes many famous personalities as ambassadors. Figure 1: Home page of MYER (Source: Myer, 2016) The leader in MYER store Achieving professional competence: Jack Donovan has expressed his book which reflects the core virtues of masculinity; yet no individual can attain excellence in all fields. In a situation of leadership deploying and organizing staff members who are more knowledgeable than any staff members at specific fields; does not mean that they remain ignorant (Kumar et al. 2012). The general understandings of their job are necessary. For example, a programmer does not need a super computer; else he needs only concepts and principles of programming application. Appreciation of own strengths and weakness while pursuing self improvement: If the leaders are going to demand more from its employees; then he need to demand more from himself. According to Jack Donovan, it is very important to gear up own limitations and advantage instead of counting others feature. Accept and seek responsibility: In a retail sector chain of MYER, the store manager is accepting and seeking responsibility towards consumer aware ness in purchasing company products and services (Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee 2013). The modern boss is achieving glory whilst a true leader is totally opposite. He is willing to take the dictatorship of world around him. This is very crucial to maintain customer loyalty and to draw more new customers towards the organization. Lead by an example: It is very important to demonstrate the upward pull instead of downward pull. To motivate the employees beneath underneath it need to show them as hard the leaders are (Lloyd 2016). It is very essential to set a perfect standard to them to aspire. It is important to be the solution not the question in an organizational management. Intent, meaning and accomplishment: According to Griffies (2012), all leaders in the MYERS retail sector are creative. The leaders is neither the boss nor the followers; if they understand the intend of another employees; they can impoverish it and bring the spectrum of ideas and information which would not have time to search out. Promotion of welfare: The MYERS Corporation gives what the customer wants; not what they need (Kumar et al. 2012). The store manager replaces all cogs of the respective departments which maximum leaders recognize with every individual; they are not disposable and he concerns himself with the betterment of the management perspectives. Development of leadership potential: To be a good leader it is very important to become a good follower. Leadership is not the mortality of MYERS. The store managers manage and manipulate the subordinates with critical understanding to enhance the principles to embody them. According to Griffies (2012), the development of potential in leadership may fall an upstream criterion in every organizational management. Making of timely decision: Making of good decision at right time is very important in every store department. It includes various intellectual concepts of stock and its records (Selcer, Goodman and Decker 2012). A good leader place faith to another leader and achieve confidence to forgive the mistakes that is acquired whilst demonstrating several records and data. The Followers The particular case classifies the followers under the moniker of Middle Management. The fundamental role of the SSM is to operate as the intermediary between the company and the consumers. Their primary functions involve maintaining effective contact with the field associates and aligning the companys targets and objectives accordingly with the market trends. According to Ginnett and Curphy (2015), the follower inputs direct the teams performance because the followers are the closest to the respective actions and resolve the problems efficiently. MYER owes its success majorly to this, at difficult times, determining the company to influence the market instead of being a slave to it. The Situations The offers are available online but will end soon. The ultimate weekend offers are valid on both mens and womens clothing, shoes, jackets, knitwear well as kids toys. The 48 hour online flash sale involves ladies wear, apparels etc. and on using the EXTRACHECK promo code, an additional 10%discount is delivered (Myer, 2016). Currently, there is also a clearance of stock, for which offers a straightaway discount of 50%. There is also the provision for the MYER VISA and cards at the annual fees of $69 and $39 respectively. Apart from this, two brands are launched namely Jack and Jones and the Hemingway design for Royal Doulton products. Behavior of leadership in MYER store There are various behavior of leadership that has been identified and analyzed while studying several articles and books. Some of these include learning continually, listening intently, expanding consistently and ability to see customer perceptions. Based on the scenario of MYERS the text book prescribed by Beck and Cowan (2014) presents that the behavior of leadership is depends upon the given situation. For example teaching, challenging, following, over indulging and solving big issues in an organizational management are the main work behavior of the leaders (Kumar et al. 2012). Learning continually has been sorely defined by Chemers (2014), that the store managers are making use of company resources and activities by initializing the learning by doing method. Listening intently implies listening of customer feedback and employee consideration with a view of creating strategic relationships among an organizational management. Expanding consistently means enhancing the organizational growth strategies in terms of measuring efficiency of customer awareness and maintaining flexibility of staff member associates (Edward and Mbohwa 2013). The MYERS retail segment quantifies the role of leadership in many ways by inhaling certain amendments in various ways. Traits of leadership in MYER store In reviewing the leadership of store manager it is very important to look the importance and purpose of an organizational management. The retail sales organization has develop a direct links to establish a strong bond among different consumer relationships. This concept is known as Personality traits. In the above mentioned books and references, the concept of Ocean Model has been clearly presented in Griffies (2012) and which has done an excellent job in pertaining out several intellectual issues. There are varieties of factors that affect the traits of leaderships which include emotional stability, social boldness, self assurance and compulsiveness. This assignment report also explains the concept of Ocean Model of Personality traits. In a store like MYER a perfect level of openness and compulsiveness has a very high level of neuroticism. In a retail chain management, a store manager possesses these traits at a constant end with no application consistency (Lloyd 2016). For instance, the store manager will display a high level of consistency with regards to the meetings that he has organized; yet the meetings was consistently failed the legitimate power of personality traits will be based on only available position in MYER store. Styles of leadership in MYER store Most of the leadership definitions are found to be common towards achieving a common aim and objectives (Zehrer et al. 2014). The different styles of leadership may influence the effectiveness and direction of leadership. This report also analyses various types of leadership in retail chain store which include Laissez faire, Autocratic, participative, Transactional and Transformable leadership. For the purpose of keeping an effective continuation, Chemers (2014) manifests that the transformational leadership would be ideal or the retail chain store. He also articulated that motivating the positive and emotional communication enforces the belief in the ability of the followers to raise its challenges; being responsive and supportive to the needs of employees in a nutritive environment. Draft (2014) has summarized that the high performance found in maximum followers would subject to transformational leadership which receives higher level of confidence and trust impressed on them by monetary purposes. Attitude of leadership in MYER store The most important attitude of leadership includes Positivity, Purpose, Compassion and Empathy, Humility and Love. In a retail sector like MYER, the store is positive in nature. He is highlighting perfect positive image in from of consumers. It is the essence of the Half Full leader. Purpose identifies the place in which the leaders lead different peoples in order to lead someone. In a retail sector like MYER, the store manager purpose is to lead other staff members so that the high proficiency can be achieved (Simha, Armstrong and Albert 2012). The term Compassion and Empathy implies the Golden Rule. It is concerned with the efficient organizational management that tends to initialize the prejudgment of employees. Therefore, it is very necessary for the store manager to define the new business objectives very clearly to the employees. Power of leadership in MYER store In a retail chain store there are generally five powers of leadership which include Coercive power, Reward, Legitimate, Expert power and referent power. The perfect ideal base in building the trust would be clearly understood by the concept of GAPS analysis (Edward and Mbohwa 2013). The GAPS analysis implies requiring and holding the position and take the further next step in developing and manipulating organizational plans. As manifested by the Chemers (2014), the power of leadership can be categorized into four basic segments which comprises of goals, abilities, standards and perceptions. The goals include building cohesiveness among organizational management. The abilities include strengths and weakness of store manager in a retail chain sector (Kumar et al. 2012). The standard implies maintaining employee and culture engagement while perceptions include direct reports and peers of managers. Lead differentially Explanation of the scenario based on decision making system taken by the leaders The store manager basically involves with two management operations; one is task direction and the other is people management. In this organization, the store manager always tries to motivate the employees through various performance appraisal programs and reward management process (Heath et al. 2013). This will help to maintain healthy relationships inside the organization which in turn will increase the profitability of the organization. The manager has chosen transformational leadership style which helps to meet up the customer demands by analyzing their buying patterns. In this aspect, the manager has decided to implement CRM software in their database system. This CRM solution helps to analyze the buying patterns of the customers based on their age, sex and religion (Kumar et al. 2012). Integration of CRM software is very helpful to enhance the relationships with the customers by proving them new kinds of products and services to the customer over the retail platform. Application of CRM software allows the product developers to differentiate the needs of the customers based on their behaviors and characteristics. This is very crucial to maintain customer loyalty and to draw more new customers towards the organization. Another decision taken by the store manager of MYER is the integration of ERP software inside the business applications (Chemers, 2014). It is one of the best application software is used to support large set of activities inside the organization. From product development to payroll, ERP software effectively monitors the business operation by using the central database of the organization. The store manager has inducted a training session to guide the employees about this new software and its applications in the business organization (Hughes, Ginnett and Curphy 2015). As a leader the store manager uses this software because combination of this advanced software helps to increase the process efficiency which is very crucial for the success of retail industry. Impact on the followers in MYER Store Integration of new application is always not accepted by the employees of the organization as they are very much comfortable in using older system and process. Employees can think that the manager only thinks about business benefits but do not thinks about their working personnel (Draft 2014).This can raise internal conflict situations such as high turnover of employees. Therefore, it is very necessary for the store manager to define the new business objectives very clearly to the employees. With the business benefits, the strategized objectives should meet up the needs of the employees as per the business goals. Store manager can face challenges from several ends such as high rate of employee turnover, reduction in inventory shrinkage and many others (Beck and Cowan 2014). All these factors affect the business profit negatively. Moreover, employees will not be interested towards the training session if its goals and objectives are not clearly defined. At the initial stage, situation can be conflict, but things can be improved with proper communication between the authorities and the employees. This can help to improve the inconsistency and uncertainty of the retail platform by improving its operation through advanced merchandise operation (Hughes, Ginnett and Curphy 2015). This will help to increase the profitability of the organization with a significant growth. According to Griffies (2012), the retail sales organization has developed a direct links to establish a strong bond among different consumer relationships. The standard implies maintaining employee and culture engagement while perceptions include direct reports and peers of managers. Conclusion This assignment concludes with the broad concept of leadership and its enhancing qualities using relevant sources mentioned above. The explanation of leadership with evaluation, attitude, traits, styles and behavior has been clearly reflected in this assignment report. The entire report presents that leadership is very important for all organizational management; hence without leadership one cannot lead differentially (as mentioned above). In the first relative stanzas, the overview of the company is mentioned; whereas using several resources; the principles, evaluation, traits, attitude and types of leadership are clearly highlighted and reflected. The main purpose of this assignment report is to evaluate the base concept of leadership in MYER store which is situated in Melbourne (Australia) with a chosen leader as a store manager. Using the relevant sources of leadership, this report highlighted and reflected all discussions and explanations with the presentation of leadership in any organizational management. Recommendations Strategic Alignment: The leaders should always try to align the business strategies with the business goals which will help to focus on the targets based on the priorities. In order to achieve that, best business process and policies should be engaged with the business applications. Proper Communication: Leaders should set up a proper two way communication platform throughout the organization. With the leading capabilities, the leaders should also listen to their employees and their concerns. This will help to maintain healthy relationships inside the organization which in turn will increase the profitability of the organization. Proper Evaluation: Before adapting any new technology, the leaders should properly evaluate the applications of new applications and should analyze their benefits for the business organization. In addition, the leaders should clearly define the business goals and objectives so that the employees can help to enhance the product and service quality. Extent the Network: The management networks should be extended to make a strong business relationship with the outside world. This outsources can help the leaders to guide their employees for their own personal development as well as for the business growth. Strengthen the Professional Communities: The leaders should always try to look for new business opportunities which can help them to control the risks and mitigate them by providing bets possible solutions. References Agyapong, A. and Boamah, R.B., 2013. Business strategies and competitive advantage of family hotel businesses in Ghana: The role of strategic leadership. Journal of Applied Business Research, 29(2), p.531. Beck, D.E. and Cowan, C., 2014. Spiral dynamics: Mastering values, leadership and change. John Wiley Sons. Cappelli, P., Singh, H., Singh, J. and Useem, M., 2015. Indian business leadership: Broad mission and creative value. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(1), pp.7-12. Chemers, M., 2014. An integrative theory of leadership. Psychology Press. Chhokar, J.S., Brodbeck, F.C. and House, R.J. eds., 2013. Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Daft, R.L., 2014. The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Edward, L.N. and Mbohwa, C., 2013. The Role of leadership in business process reengineering:Leaders, do you want to change?. Goethals, G., Allison, S., Kramer, R. and Messick, D. eds., 2014. Conceptions of leadership: Enduring ideas and emerging insights. Springer. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. and McKee, A., 2013. Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Griffies, S.M., 2012. Elements of the modular ocean model (MOM). NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, USA. Heath, D., Singh, R., Ganesh, J. and Taube, L., 2013. Building Thought Leadership Through Business-to-Business Social Media Engagement at Infosys. MIS Quarterly Executive, 12(2). Hughes, R, Ginnett, R Curphy, G 2015,Leadership: enhancing the lessons of experience,8th edn, McGraw-Hill Education, New York; (ISBN: 9780077862404). Kumar, J., Rosenberg, D., Courage, C., Rohn, J., Kamm, L., Anderson, L., Holsberry, C. and Chavan, A.L., 2012, May. Women in UX leadership in business. In CHI'12 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1107-1110). ACM. Lloyd, G., 2016. Business Leadership for IT projects. Routledge. Mendenhall, M.E. and Osland, J., 2012. Global leadership: Research, practice, and development. Routledge. Myer. (2016).Latest News. [online] Available at: https://www.myer.com.au/p/about-myer/latest-news/ [Accessed 10 Jul. 2016]. Myer. (2016).Myer. [online] Available at: https://www.myer.com.au/ [Accessed 10 Jul. 2016]. Selcer, A., Goodman, G. and Decker, P.J., 2012. Fostering Transformational Leadership in Business and Health Administration Education through Appreciative Inquiry Coaching. Business Education Innovation Journal, 4(2). Simha, A., Armstrong, J.P. and Albert, J.F., 2012. Who leads and who lags? A comparison of cheating attitudes and behaviors among leadership and business students. Journal of Education for Business, 87(6), pp.316-324. Storey, J. ed., 2016. Leadership in Organizations: Current Issues and Key Trends. Routledge. Tangthanakul, W., Vitoorapakorn, C., Chutikorntaweesin, O., Yodthong, T. and Kamolrat, A., 2015. The Causal Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Crisis Management of Business Organization in Thailand. The International Journal of Business Management, 3(6), p.22. YÄÂ ±ldÄÂ ±rÄÂ ±m, N. and Birinci, S., 2013. Impacts of organizational culture and leadership on business performance: A case study on acquisitions. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 75, pp.71-82. Zehrer, A., Raich, F., Siller, H. and Tschiderer, F., 2014. Leadership networks in destinations.Tourism Review,69(1), pp.59-73.

Legal Aspects of Oil Management

Question: Examine and evaluate the key areas and features that governments should focus on during their negotiation process and in the drafting of contracts with the International Oil Companies. Answer: Introduction Resource rich nations intend to use their natural resources for the purpose of securing funds for their development process. In doing so, the governments enter into contracts with international oil companies to explore, develop their resources. The oil companies as well as the government put a lot of efforts in order to understand the commercial and technical aspects of oil exploration. The very first challenge which the governments face is the negotiation process. Countries like Kazakhstan, Bolivia, Mexico and various other developing countries consider their oil and natural gas resources as assets belonging to the country as a whole and not to any private individual or entity. No matter whosoever owns the surface land and associated rights, the oil and gas resources are owned by the government and this very fact is enshrined in the laws of the nations. Nations which are rich in oil and natural gas resources try to magnetize the participation of the oil companies which possesses ade quate expertise and resources so as to exploit and properly market their resources. But while negotiating they face several problems as these companies are far more experienced in negotiating these type of contracts and also their knowledge about oil exploration is much high. In the process of negotiation the oil companies appear to be extremely motivated. They make every possible effort to reduce costs. The oil companies tend to tailor their process of negotiation depending on the political situation in the impugned country. The attitude of the oil companies in the negotiation process is generally found to be inflexible, aggressive and cynical. As far as the governments are concerned, negotiating contracts in the proper manner is essential. Three options are available to the governments for development of their natural resources. These include; creation of state companies for exploration, production and development. For instance countries like, Mexico, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela have done so; inviting foreign companies to explore their resources and in the process develop them, as in the case of Russia, Canada, United Kingdom. They may as well use a combination of these two ways. Countries like Kazakhstan, Nigeria and Indonesia have done so. Setting the Parameters Governments do not pay adequate attention to the negotiation process in spite of the intense interest and size of the stake holders. As far as the producing nation is concerned, a lot is at stake with these types of contracts. Governments generally engage experts to handle the complex issues in these types of contracts; like, lawyers for their knowledge of the legal field, engineers for their technical knowledge etc (Langford, 2014). Oil contracts emerge out of direct negotiations. There are various complex issues involved in an oil contract. Negotiations generally flourish on indecision. Such indecision is the result of lack of awareness of the probable oil find, the alienation of the negotiating partner or the incapability to make future predictions. Good negotiators are well aware that whatever the situation might be there is always a weak point, if made proper use of the said weak moment there is a high probability to win. While negotiating oil contracts various issues must be considered. These include; the dynamic nature of market, the exploration costs, the probable size of the fields etc. This is a never ending list. Expertise and judgmental power is needed to determine the priority of each and every issue and then to be able to strike a balance so that none of the contracts are identical to each other. Issues involved in the Negotiation Process The issues which arise during negotiation process may be put under two heads; one is the conflict zone and the other includes the factors which are not generally paid heed to during negotiation process. These factors are the environmental, social, political and economic. The company spends almost 90-90% time in this zone. This is the zone where the company feels in control and recruits skilled personnel (Radon, 2012). Dealing with the indigenous communities Apart from the two principal contracting parties, i.e., the oil companies and the governments, the oil negotiations are of great significance to various other groups or individuals. These groups include, owners of the surface land, many a time indigenous communities as they nowadays they have started demanding compensation for the disturbance and use of their property. Though such groups are not formally part of the said negotiation process yet their demands have to be taken into consideration while negotiating. The demands of the local communities have to be settled through these negotiation processes. They generally ask for either compensation or jobs offers. The oil companies usually make commitments to engage local labor and also to render support in development of the local communities (Likosky, 2009). These negotiations are invariably time consuming at the same time intense. These negotiations are many a time heated as well. Factor of Time The negotiations of oil contracts are to a great extent dependent on time responsive factors like present condition of the market in connection with the price of oil, the prevailing political and economic situation in the host country as well as on the probability as to how such factors would vary in future. Thus an oil contract must include such terms which would be able to survive the challenge of time by way of anticipation of foreseeable as well as unforeseeable demands and changes. For instance, Norway, which was known for its instability had to introduce tax regimes favorable to the oil companies so as to allure the oil companies to come and invest in the uncertain and geographically challenging terrains. But Norway did not endanger its future by making these tax regimes permanent and increased the taxes within three years. There is one simple solution to deal with the problem of insufficient arrangement in the ever changing situations; to ensure that the contracts are more rea ctive to the changing circumstances. With time domestic conditions prevailing in a country also tend to change (HM Government, 2013). The stability clause has to be drafted in such manner that the oil company may be compensated for the changes which take place in the laws, rules and regulations of a country. For instance, a country is made to comply with a new environmental policy the cost of oil exploration and development would increase consequently. The oil companies in such cases would have to be exempted from the compliance of such law and if in case such exemption is not possible, the government would have to reimburse the oil companies for the cost of compliance. The stability clauses are used by the oil companies to exclude the application of the laws of the host country. Even the jurisdiction of the courts of the host country is not applicable to these clauses. Expert Negotiators In order to select the personnel who would represent the negotiating team the government faces various problems. Negotiation is no less than an art which requires giving effect to a plan, good tactics as well as the ability to segregate negotiable factors like compensation from non negotiable factors like matters concerning regulation, considering and addressing the concerns of the oil companies. It is evident that the oil companies are under any circumstance in a better position as regards skill, finance and preparedness while negotiating with the governments. On the other hand, the resource rich developing nations do not possess adequate technical, financial or legal knowhow. The nations must treat the negotiations as an investment and attempt to hire independent, skilled as well as dedicated negotiators so as to be on the same footing as the oil companies in the negotiation process. But the oil rich developing countries often overlook the importance of engaging expert negotiators for the negotiation process. Oil contracts invariably require expert advice as they cover a wide range of complicated factors. The aim of the oil contracts should be to reach mutually agreeable and reasonable balance between the interests of the investor company as also the nation concerned. It may be stated that expert advice is the mantra for being able to make successful negotiations. Conflict of Interest In negotiating these types of contracts the government often faces conflict of interest. On one hand the government is expected to act as the protector of public interest by using its regulatory powers. The government is also required to create an investment friendly environment so as to magnetize investors which in turn would create employment and render economic growth (Haley, 2004). On the other hand being the signatory to a commercial oil contract the government acts as a business personnel with the intention of profit maximization. Thus the government on the one hand intends to maximize profits from oil negotiations and at the same time it has to find objects for its own regulations. This type of problem though may be manageable in a developed nation it might not be so in the case of developing nations. Transparency It is expected of the negotiators to maintain transparency in the process of negotiation. Transparency is in fact deemed to be the key aspect to increase public acceptability of contracts. Transparency in this context includes, disclosing the contractual terms as well as the consideration paid there under though certain matter must remain confidential for a specific duration of time. Transparency also serves as a way for doing away with corruptions associated with these contracts. It is transparency which prevents government officials to incorporate or accept to such terms in the oil contracts which might face criticism from the citizens (Brinsmead, n.d.). Form of Contract The form or the type of contract is a critical decision for the government. There are four types of contract which the government and the international oil companies may elect to adopt while making the agreement. These have been discussed as follows; Joint Ventures A joint venture comes into existence when two or more parties intend to enter into a joint venture undertaking. It is essential for the ones who are parties to a joint venture to understand the ways by which each conduct their business, their goals as well as interests. In the absence of such understanding it is almost impossible to come up with a joint venture agreement. Since joint ventures are open ended contracts, oil companies as well as the government of the host countries are less likely to enter into a joint venture agreement. Advantages for the government: In case a government of a host country enters into a joint venture agreement the only advantage it can avail of is that it does not have to make decisions all by itself and it has the liberty to count on the expertise of oil companies. In fact under this type of contract the government shares profits along with the oil company. Disadvantage: There is a flip side to this sharing process. Along with profits, costs and risks must also be shared. Thus under this type of contract the government of the host country happens to participate directly in the process of oil extraction. Production-Sharing Agreements (Also Referred To As PSA) The major characteristic of PSA is that under these type of agreements the oil ownership rests with the citizens of the host country and not with private entities. But the management and operation of the oil fields along with the associated risks rests with the oil companies. The terms regarding finances in a PSA are almost similar to that of a licensing agreement. The government of the host country is entitled to earn a signing bonus but such bonus is generally waived so as to earn profits in future. Under this type of agreement the government of the host country must reimburse the oil company as operating expenses. Recovery of costs for the current expenditure is immediate whereas the recovery of costs for capital investment is done over a period of many years. The oil companies usually have to bear taxes which fall under its share but the governments of the host countries often waive such taxes and are included in the governments share of profits. The success of a PSA would depend upon the accuracy of the legal framework of the host country. Advantages for host government: All risks under this type of agreement rests with the oil companies. Apart from the cost of negotiation the host government would not have to risk any other losses. Even if an oil exploration project fails the government of the host country does not have to bear losses. These type of contracts enable the government of the host country to earn profits without having to make investments unless it does so with its own accord. Disadvantages for host government: The very nature of the PSA is that it is an inclusive document and this very nature serves as a disadvantage for the host government. License or Concession Agreements These agreements have been introduced in the early 1900s. These are primarily one sided contracts. In the present times such contracts serve to grant the oil companies exclusive rights for exploration, development, sale as well as export of minerals and oil for a specified time period. The oil companies offer the host countries signing bonus for acquiring such rights. These contracts are often opted forms of contracts. Advantages: From the view point of a developing country the advantages of this type of contracts are considerable. These type of contracts are far more straightforward as compared to other forms of contracts. The extent of export support and advise required for entering into this type of contracts are also comparatively less. Disadvantages: The prime disadvantage of this type of contract from the viewpoint of a developing country is its commercial aspect. The bidding process is generally similar to an auction. The oil companies have to take risks regarding the price for the license. Service Agreements Over and above the above type of contractual arrangements service agreements may as well be entered into. The essence of this type of agreement is that it provides disbursement for particular services and tasks. This type of agreement would not be very useful for the long run. Terms of Contract Certain provisions common to all the above types of agreements have been discussed as under; Parties When one of the parties is the government, the choice of parties must be made carefully. In case the host government becomes a direct party it has to bear unlimited liability as well as direct responsibility. But the said liability may be restricted if one of the government enterprises is made a party. Work Program The oil companies tend to slow down the projects which it considers to be comparatively expensive. Thus the host government must insist on such a work plan which unambiguously lays down the circumstances under which a project may be delayed or shelved. Stabilization Stabilization provisions, if incorporated, proved to be highly disadvantageous for the oil companies as it makes the legal system of the country ineffective and the government may have to pay compensation to the investors. Termination The contract must unambiguously specify the circumstances under which the contract would be terminated. Conclusion At present the oil producing nations must invariably possess the professional know-how for negotiating oil contracts with the international oil companies. The negotiation process must at the same time be open. The companies have to make the oil companies feel secure as to the fact that they would be treated fairly. A sense of fair return and fair treatment would I the long run prove to be beneficial for the international oil companies in this competitive market.